About present participle ,Help!

by **sassyangel913** Wed Jul 21, 2010 11:32 pm

hi, i just want to ask some specific intances about the present participle and wonder what does it modifies.

e.g.
A study by the Ocean Wildlife Campaign urged states to undertake a number of remedies to reverse a decline in the shark population, including establishing limits for shark catches, closing state waters for shark fishing during pupping season, and requiring commercial fishers to have federal shark permits.
here, the "including" modifies the remedies,right?
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but when there is no comma... like this
Last week local shrimpers held a news conference to take some credit for the resurgence of the rare Kemp's ridley turtle, saying that their compliance with laws requiring that turtle-excluder devices be on shrimp nets protect adult sea turtles. here, the"requiring" modifies the laws, the nearest one to it.
So, can i conclude that when present participle appears after a comma, it modifies the subject of the main clause, while it can only modify the nearest noun without a comma.
I wonder the thorough use of the present participle and the modification rule about it , can someone help me?thanks~